نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استاد گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشجوی دکتری رشته رفتار سازمانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
چکیده
پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تاثیر تعادل کار- زندگی بر ایمنی روانی کارکنان با نقش میانجی خوش بینی سازمانی صورت گرفته است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر شیوه گردآوری داده‌ها پیمایشی از گروه پژوهش‌های توصیفی است. جامعه آماری اعضای هیات علمی زن در دانشکده‌ها و پژوهشکده‌های دانشگاه شهید بهشتی به تعداد 163 نفر است که تعداد نمونه آماری بدست آمده 65 نفر می‌باشند. ابزار جمع آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه تعادل کار - زندگی ارائه شده توسط آقا و همکاران (2017) و پرسشنامه خوش بینی ارائه شده توسط کارور و همکاران (2010) و پرسشنامه ایمنی روانی ارائه شده توسط مازلو (2004) می‌باشد. تحلیل داده‌ها با رویکرد مدلسازی معادلات ساختاری با روش حداقل مربعات جزئی از طریق نرم‌افزار Smart- PLS 3 انجام شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که مدل پیشنهادی پژوهش، مورد تایید واقع شده و براساس آن؛ تعادل کار- زندگی به خوش بینی سازمانی منجر شده و این امر بر ایمنی روانی کارکنان تاثیر دارد. همچنین متغیر خوش بینی سازمانی در رابطه بین تعادل کار - زندگی و ایمنی روانی کارکنان نقش میانجی ایفا می‌کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Impact of Work - Life Balance on Psychological Safety of Staff with the Mediating Role of Organizational Optimism
نویسندگان [English]
- Gholamali Tabarsa 1
- Mansooreh Moeini Korbekandi 2
1 Professor, Department of Management, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 PhD Student in Organizational Behavior, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of work- life balance on psychological safety of staff with the mediating role of organizational optimism. The study in terms of purpose is practical and in terms of methods of data collection is survey from group of descriptive researches. The statistical population is female faculty members in the faculties and research institutes of Shahid Beheshti University 163 persons, The number of statistical samples obtained is 65 people. The tool of data collection is questionnaire of work – life balance provided by Agha et al. (2017) and questionnaire of optimism provided by Carver et al. (2010) and questionnaire of psychological safety of staff provided by Maslow (2004). Data analysis was performed with Structural Equation Modeling approach (SEM) with partial least squares method through Smart-PLS 3 software. The findings of this study showed that proposed research model is validated and based on it; Work- life balance has led to organizational optimism and this has an impact on psychological safety of staff. Also, organizational optimism variable plays an intermediary role in the relationship between work – life balance and psychological safety of staff.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- work-life balance
- Dimensions of work-life balance
- Organizational optimism
- Psychological safety of staff
اردلان، محمدرضا، قنبری، سیروس، زندی، خلیل، سیف پناهی، حامد. (1392). مدل یابی روابط توانمندسازی روان شناختی، معنویت در کار و امنیت روانی پرستاران. مدیریت پرستاری، 2(3)، 69-79.
حسن طهرانی، طیبه، کرمی کبیر، ناهید، چراغی، فاطمه، بکائیان، مهدی، یعقوبی، یاسمن. (1391). بررسی ارتباط هوش هیجانی با سلامت روان و پیشرفت تحصیلی در دانشجویان پرستاری دانشکده نیشابور. مراقبت پرستاری و مامایی ابن‌سینا، 20(3)، 35-45.
حیدری، آزاده. (1394). بررسی نقش تعادل کار- زندگی بر امنیت روانی کارکنان. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
دامغانیان، حسین، گلشاهی، بهنام. (1394). ارائه راهبردهای فردی و سازمانی موثر در سلامت کارکنان: نقش تعادل زندگی - کار. پژوهش‌های مدیریت منابع سازمانی، 6(4)، 1-18.
مدنی، حسین. (1385). مدیریت تعادل بین کار و زندگی. تدبیر، 168، 41-45.
Agha, K., Azmi, F. T., & Khan, S. A. (2017). Work-Life Balance: Scale Development and Validation. In: Heras, M. L., Chinchilla, N., & Grau, M. (eds). The Work-Family Balance in Light of Globalization and Technology (pp. 109-130). Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work-family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. J Occup Health Psychol, 16,151–169.
Andersson, M., Moen, O., & Brett, P. O. (2020). The organizational climate for psychological safety: Associations with SMEs’ innovation capabilities and innovation performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 55, doi:10.1016/ j.jengtecman. 20 20. 10 15 54
Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Innovation Is not Enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process, innovation and firm performance. Journal of Organizations Behavior, 24, 45-68.
Bagger, J., & Li, A. (2014). How does supervisory family support influence employees’ attitudes and behaviors? A social exchange perspective. Journal of Management, 40, 1123–1150. doi:10.1177/ 0149 2063 11 413922
Beheshtifar, M., & Rahimi-Nezhad, Z. (2012). Role of Self-Concept in Organizations. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Admin- istrative Sciences, 44, 159.
Brauner, C., Wohrmann, A. M., Frank, K., Michel, A. (2019). Health and work-life balance across types of work schedules: A latent class analysis. Applied Ergonomics, 81.
Breaugh, J. A., & Frye, N. K. (2008). Work–family conflict: The importance of family-friendly employment practices and family-supportive supervisors. Journal of Business Psychology, 22, 345–353. doi:10.1007/s10869-008-9081-1
Brown, S. P., & Leigh, T. W. (1996). A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 358-368. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/ 0021-9010. 81. 4. 358
Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary Personality Psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 457- 491. Medilink.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the Self-Regulation of Behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http:// dx.doi. org/ 10.1017/ cbo 9781139174794
Carver, C., & Scheier, M. (2002). Optimism. In C. R. Synder & J. Shane (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M., & Segerstrom, S. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879-889.
Cascio, W. (2000). Costing human resources The financial impact of behavior in organizations. Thompson Learning. Boston.
Cegarra-Navarro, Juan-Gabriel., Cegarra-Leiva, D., Sánchez-Vidal, M. E., Wensley, A. K. P. (2015). Congenital learning, organisational performance and work-life balance culture. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 13, 105–114.
Chang, Y., Wang, P. C., Li, H. H., Liu, Y. C. (2011). Relations among depression, self‐efficacy and optimism in a sample of nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(6), 769-76. https:// doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01180.
Chiok Foong Loke, J. (2001). Leadership behaviours: effects on job satisfaction, productivity and organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Management, 9, 191 –204.
Chung, H., van der Horst, M. (2020). Flexible working and unpaid overtime in the UK: The role of gender, parental and occupational status. Soc Indic Res, 151, 495–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205- 018-2028-7
Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender why are women so happy at work?. Labour economics, 4(4), 341-372.
Clark, T. R. (2019). The 4 Stages of Psychological Safety. Available online at: http://a digaskell.org/2019/11/17/the-4-stages-of-psychological-safety
Cruz, J. P., Cabrera, D. N. C., Hufana, O. D., Alquwez, N., Almazan, J. (2018). Optimism, proactive coping and quality of life among nurses: A cross‐sectional study. Journal Clinic Nursing, 27(9-10), 2098-2108. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14363.
Cunningham, M. (2008). Changing attitudes toward the male breadwinner, female homemaker family model: influences of women's employment and education over the life course. Social Forces, 87(1), 299–323.
Dawson, Ch., Meza, D., Henley, A., & Arabsheibani, G. R. (2012). Entrepreneurship: Cause or Consequence of Financial Optimism?. IZA Discussion Paper , 6844, 5
De Luis, M. P., Martínez, A., Pérez, M., and Vela, M. J. (2002). La flexibilidad de la empresa y la conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar. Boletín Económico del ICE, 2741, 37-50.
Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.
Edmondson, A. C. (2002a). Managing the risk of learning: Psychological safety in work teams. In West, M., Tjosvold, D., & Smith, K. (Eds.), International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork (pp. 1–38). London: Blackwell.
Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Speaking up in the Operating Room: How Team Leaders Promote Learning in Interdisciplinary Action Team. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1419-1452. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486. 00386
Edmondson, A. C. (2004). Psychological safety, trust, and learning in organizations: A group-level lens. In R. M. Kramer & K. S. Cook (Eds.), Trust and distrust in organizations: Dilemmas and approaches (pp. 239-272). Russell Sage Foundation.
Edmondson, A. C., Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: the history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 1(1), 23–43.
Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationshiop between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 178-199.
El-Anzi, F. O. (2005). Academic achievement and its relationship with anxiety, self-esteem, optimism, and pessimism in Kuwaiti students. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 33, 95-104.
Felstead, A., Jewson, N., Phizacklea, A., and Walters, S. (2002). Opportunities to work at home in the context of work-life balance. Human Resource Management Journal, 12(1), 54-76.
Fransen, K., McEwan, D., Sarkar, M. (2020). The impact of identity leadership on team functioning and well-being in team sport: Is psychological safety the missing link?. Psychology of Sport & Exercise. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.psychsport .2020.101763.
Frazier, M., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta-analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70, 113-165. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/ peps. 12 183
Frone, M. R. (2003). Work- Family Balance. In, JC Quick & LE Tetrick. Handbook of occupational health psychology, 143-162.
Furnham, A., & Avison, M. (1997). Personality and preference for surreal paintings. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 923-935. https:// doi:10.1016/S0191-8869 (97) 00131-1
Gabris, G. T., Maclin, S. A., & Ihrke, D. M. (1998). The leadership enigma: toward a model of organizational optimism. Journal of Management History, 4(4), 396-399.
Gavin, J. H., Mason, R. O. (2004). The virtuous organization: the value of happiness in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 33, 379 –392.
Grant, H., & Higgins, E. T. (2003). Optimism, promotion pride, and prevention pride as predictors of quality of life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(12), 1521-1532.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
Gröpel, P., Kuhl, J. (2009). Work–life balance and subjective well-being: the mediating role of need fulfillment. British Journal of Psychology, 100(2), 365–75.
Grzywacz, J. G., Bass, B. L. (2003). Work, family, and mental health: testing different models of work-family fit. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(1), 248–61.
Han, J. H., & Roh, Y. S. (2020). Teamwork, psychological safety, and patient safety competency among emergency nurses. International Emergency Nursing, 51. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100892
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., and Keyes, C. L. (2003). Well-Being in the Workplace and Its Relationship to Business Outcomes: A Review of the Gallup Studies. In: Keyes, C.L.M. and Haidt, J., Eds., Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-Lived, American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 205-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10594-009
Hünefeld, L., Wöhrmann, A. M., Brauner, C. (2019). Arbeiten unter Druck: Arbeitsintensität, Arbeitszeitautonomie und Wohlbefinden von Beschäftigten in Deutschland. In: Griesbacher M, Hödl J, Muckenhuber J, Scaria-Braunstein K (eds) Intensivierung der Arbeit— Perspektiven auf Arbeitszeit und technologischen Wandel. New Academic Press, Wien, pp 73–86
James, L. A., James, L. R. (1989). Integrating work environment perceptions: Explorations into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 739-751. https://doi:10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.739
Jones, A. P., & James, L. R. (1979). Psychological Climate: Dimensions and Relationships of Individual and Aggregated Work Environment Perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23, 201-250.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692-724. http://dx. doi.org/ 10.2307/ 256287
Karademas, E. C., Kafetsios, K., & Sideridis, G. D. (2007). Optimism, self-efficacy and information processing of threat- and well-being related stimuli. Stress and Health, 23(5), 285–294
Kirby, E. L., Krone, K. J. (2002). The policy exists, but you can't use it: Negotiating tensions in work-family policy. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 30(1), 50-77.
Kirchmeyer, C. (2000). Work-life Initiatives: Greed or Benevolence Regarding Workers Time?. Trends in organizational behavior, 7, 79-94.
Klimoski, R., & Mohammed, S. (1994). Team Mental Model: Construct or Metaphor?. Journal of Management, 20, 403-437. https:// doi.org/10. 1177/ 014920639402000206
Kluemper, D. H. (2009). State or trait: effects of state optimism on job- related outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 209-230.
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work–family conflict: a meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work–family-specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 289–313.
Kossek, E. E., Valcour, M., & Lirio, P. (2014). The sustainable workforce: Organizational strategies for promoting work–life balance and well-being. In C. Cooper & P. Chen (Eds.), Work and wellbeing (pp.295–318). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
Li, C. H., & Wu, J. J. (2011). The structural relationships between optimism and innovative behavior: Understanding potential antecedents and mediating effects. Creativity Research Journal, 23(2), 119-128.
Lind, E. A., & Van den Bos, K. (2002). When fairness works: Toward a general theory of uncertainty management. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, 181-223
Lott, Y. (2017). Stressed despite or because of flexible work arrangements? Flexible work arrangements, job pressure and work-tohome conflict for women and men in Germany. Working Paper Forschungsförderung, 46.
Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2014). Gender egalitarianism and work–life balance for managers: Multisource perspectives in 36 countries. Applied Psychology, 63, 96–129. doi:10.1111/apps.12011
Macinnes, J. (2005). Diez mitos sobre la conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar. Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales, 23(1), 35-71.
Malik, A. (2013). Efficacy, Hope, Optimism and Resilience at Workplace – Positive Organizational Behavior. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP), 3(10), 2250-3153
Maslow, A. H., Hirsh, E., Stein, M., & Honigmann, I. (1945). A clinically derived test for measuring psychological security-insecurity. Journal of General Psychology, 33, 21-41.
Matilla-Santandera, N., Lidón-Moyanoa, C., González-Marróna, A., Buncha, K., Martín-Sáncheza, J. C., Martínez-Sáncheza, J. M. (2019). Attitudes toward working conditions: are European Union workers satisfied with their working hours and work-life balance?. Gac Sanit, 33(2), 162–168.
May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). Thepsychology condition of meaningfulness, safety andavailability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 11–37.
McCarthy, A., Darcy, C., & Grady, G. (2010). Work-life balance policy and practice: Understanding line manager attitudes and behaviors. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 158-167.
Medlin, B., & Green, Jr, K. W. (2009). Enhancing performance through goal setting, engagement, and optimism. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 109(7), 944-947
Medlin, B., & Smith, U. F. (2010). The relationship between optimism and engagement: the impact on student performance. Research in Higher Education Journal, PP. 2-3
Newman, A., Donohue, R., Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: a systematic review of the literature. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev. 27(3), 521–535.
Nilsen, W., Skipstein, A., Østby, K. A., Mykletun, A. (2017). Examination of the double burden hypothesis - a systematic review of work-family conflict and sickness absence. Eur J Public Health, 27(3), 465–471
Parker, H., & du Plooy, E. (2021). Team-based games: Catalysts for developing psychological safety, learning and performance. Journal of Business Research, 125, 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.12.010
Peeters, M. C., Montgomery, A. J., Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. (2005). Balancing work and home: how job and home demands are related to burnout. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 43.
Peterson, C. (2000). The future of optimism. American Psychologist, 55, 44–55.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Impact of organizational citizenship behavior on organizational performance: a review and suggestions for future research. Human Performance, 10, 133–151.
Poelmans, S. A., Chinchilla, N., & Cardona, P. (2003). The adoption of family friendly HRM policies: competition for scarce resources in the labour market. International Journal of Manpower, 24(2), 128-147.
Puri, M., & Robinson, D. T. (2007). Optimism and economic choice. Journal of Financial Economics, 86, 71-92
Raffi, J., Megha, K., Trivedi, B. S., White, L., Murase, J. E. (2020). Work–life balance among female dermatologists. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology, 6, 13–19.
Rasmussen, H. N., Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., & Caver, C. S. (2006). Self-regulation processes and health: The importance of optimism and goal adjustment. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1721-1747.
Saleem, A., Saba, G., & Adnan, A. (2012). Self-efficacy and optimism as predictors of organizational commitment among bank employees. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, Available online: 5 September, P. 6
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice (pp. 189-216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychol, 4(3), 219-47. https:// doi.org/ 10. 1016/S0191-3085 (0 2)24006-X
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a revaluation of the life orientation test. Journal Perspective Society Psychology, 67(6), 1063-78.
Schein, E. H., & Bennis, W. G. (1965). Personal and Organizational Change Through Group Methods: The Laboratory Approach. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 1(1). Retrieved from https://cjc-rcc. ucalgary.ca/article/view/60550
Seitz, J., Rigotti, T. (2018). How do differing degrees of working-time autonomy and overtime affect worker well-being?. A multilevel approach using data from the German socio-economic panel (SOEP). Ger J Hum Resour Manage, 32(3–4), 177–194.
Srivastava, S., & Angelo, K. M. (2009). Optimism, effects on relationships. In H. T. Reis and S. K. Sprecher (Eds.), Encyclopedia of human relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Srivastava, S., McGonigal, K. M., Richards, J. M., & Butler, E. A. (2006). Optimism in Close Relationships: How Seeing Things in a Positive Light Makes Them So. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(1), 143–153
Stein, S. J., & Book, H. E. (2003). The EQ Edge: Emotional intelligence and your success. Multi Health System, Toronto, Canada.
Talukder, A. K. M. M. H. (2019). Supervisor Support and Organizational Commitment: The Role of Work–Family Conflict, Job Satisfaction, and Work–Life Balance. Journal of Employment Counseling, 56(3), 98–116. doi:10.1002/joec.12125
Taylor, S. E., Kemeny, M. E., Bower, J. E., Gruenewald, T. L., & Reed, G. M. (2000). Psychlogical resources, positive illusions, and health. American Psychologist, 55, 99-109. https:// doi: 10.1037/ 0003-066X.55.1.99
Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., and Marrs, M. B. (2009). How Management Style Moderates the Relationship between Abusive Supervision and Workplace Deviance: An Uncertainty Management Theory Perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 79-92. https:// dx.doi.org/ 10. 1016/j. obhdp. 2008. 06. 003
Thun, S., Bakker, A. B. (2018). Empowering leadership and job crafting: The role of employee optimism. Strees & Health, https:// doi.org/ 10. 1002/ smi. 2818
Tiger, L. (1979). Optimism: The biology of hope. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Trunzo, J. J., & Pinto, B. M. (2003). Social support as a mediator of optimism and distress in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 805–811.
Tynan, R. (2005). The effects of threat sensitivity and face giving on dyadic psychological and upward communication. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 223-247.
Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work–family balance. J. Appl. Psychol. 92, 1512–1523. https://doi. org/10.1037/ 00 21-9010. 92.6.1512
Wright, T. A. (2005). The role happiness in organizational research: Past, present and future directions. In P. L. Perrewe & D. C. Ganster ( Eds), Research in occupational stress and well-being, 4, 221- 264. Amsterdam. JAL.
Wöhrmann, A. M. (2016). Psychische Gesundheit in der Arbeitswelt – Work-Life-Balance. Dortmund: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin.
Wöhrmann, A. M., Dilchert, N., & Michel, A. (2020). Working time flexibility and work-life balance. Z. Arb. Wiss. https://doi.org/ 10. 1007/s41449-020-00230-x
Zhang, T., Wei, Q., Ma, S. Y., Li, H. P. (2020). The relationship between optimism and job satisfaction for Chinese specialist nurses: A serial‐multiple mediation model. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, https:// doi: 10.1111/jjns.12334
Ardalan, M. R., Ghanbari, S., Zandi, Kh., Seif Panahi, H. (2013). Modeling the Relationship of psychological empowerment, Spirituality at work and psychological Safety in nurses. Nursing Management, 2(3), 69-79. [In Persian]
Damghanian, H., Golshahi, B. (2015). Presenting effective individuals and organizational strategies on employee health: role of work- life balance. Organizational Resources Management Researchs, 6(4), 1-18. [In Persian]
Hassan Tehrani, T., Karami Kabir, N., Cheraghi, F., Bakaian, M., Yaghoubi, Y. (2012). The relationship between emotional intelligence with mental health and academic achievement in nursing students of Neishabour University. Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care, 20(3), 35-45. [In Persian]
Heydari, A. (2015). The Study of Role of Work-Life Balance on Staff Psychological Security. Master Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University. [In Persian]
Madani, H. (2006). Managing work-life balance. Tadbir, 168, 41-45. [In Persian]
)