Management Studies in Development and Evolution

Abstract This article is the product of a research taken place in line with the
goals of I.R. of Iran, stated in its vision document, in order for the
country to reach the defined scientific position. As in the vision
document has been put a lot of emphasis on scientific development of
the country towards reaching the ultimate goal of acquiring the first
scientific position in the region, there seems to be a necessity for
special attention to scientific and R & D centers of the country and
more specifically to the researchers and professionals of this section.
On the other hand, acquiring the first economic position of the region
is Iran’s other major goal, to be reached by the end of the vision
period. For this to take place, it should be considered that economic
prosperity of organizations in today’s highly competitive markets, is
mostly dependent on the function of R&D centers and their activities;
while these centers are heavily dependent on their labor, and
considering the need of their labor for innovation and creativity,
applying a correct leadership and management strategy seems
tremendously effective in enhancing the workforce performance and
speeding up the organizations’ progress.
In this research, related studies carried out in other parts of the world,
were investigated and the local characteristics of the country were also
taken into consideration. This study is applicable and developing
regarding its goal, and descriptive-survey regarding its method. Since
it has tried to analyze the literature and information obtained from R
&D centers to define the leadership strategies of researchers, it can be
considered a descriptive survey; and since the results obtained, have
been examined through the survey, we can consider it a survey study.
This research was performed in the Niroo Research Institute (NRI) of
Ministry of Energy, as one of the largest national research centers in
Iran. The population of this study are the expert middle and high
managers of this institute.
Additionally, the validity and reliability of all surveys have been
evaluated and approved.
Major results of this paper are the followings: determines appropriate
strategies, and provides an integrated model for leadership of
scientists strategies in R & D sections; provides effective parameters
in determining the strategic position in the model.
The results of this research, have also been evaluated and
implemented in the NRI.

Abstract or develop its performance in the long-term period and it is the result
of stakeholder’s satisfaction during the time. Sustainability is related
to the ability of organizations to monitor the opportunities, changes,
trends and risks in their external environments and to make a balance
between financial, economic, social and environmental goals of the
organization in the long term. In this article, initially, the last model of
organizational sustainability management proposed by International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been introduced, then
using a problem solving algorithm, and through a knowledge
management approach, a model for assessment and improvement of
the organizational sustainability is suggested. This model is based on
the knowledge management of organizations’ environmental changes.
To validate and prove the proposed model, the degree of sustainability
in 52 governmental companies along with their holding structure and
production nature were evaluated. The results revealed a high
correlation between the ability of an organization to manage
knowledge of its environmental changes and its degree of
sustainability.

Abstract Experience of countries development and studies of international
organizations such as the World Bank have proven that the business
environment has a direct influence on entrepreneurship development.
A discouraging environment can cause more problems to Small and
medium sized enterprises than larger ones. Consequently paying
attention to the business environment has been recently regarded as
one of the prerequisites of entrepreneurship development. Meanwhile,
to rank the countries’ business environments, various international
reports are annually being published. The goal of this research is to assess Iran’s business environment, from the viewpoint of Iranian specialists. After reviewing various models, finally the World Bank's Doing Business model was chosen as our basis. Then, using a descriptive survey method, opinions of 101 specialists were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that Iran’s business environment is
not suitable for investment; and these results are in accordance with the rankings of the World Bank and other models.

Abstract The objective of this research is to determine the impacts of
Organizational Justice Perception on Organizational Citizenship
Behavior in the Ports and Maritime Organization and Customs
Administration of the Port Anzali– in state of Guilan.
The basis of this research is on the analysis of how the Country's
Services Management Law as an initiator of structural and social
justice in the organizations under this law (excluding some instances
enumerated by the legislator), affects the organizational citizenship
behavior.
This research is applicable regarding its goal. The method is
deccriptive-analytic, and a questionnaire was used as the information
collection tool. In this research, 186 out of 359 employees of Anzali's
Ports & Maritime administration, and customs organization were
selected to answer the questionnaires. The data analysis was done
using SPSS program. In the analytical section, Anova and Duncan
tests were performed.
Contrary to the parallel researches held inside or outside of the
country, maintaining organizational citizenship behavior is to some
extent determined by distributive justice perception, the results of this
research, show with 95% degree of confidence, no menangful impact
of distributive justice perception on OCB; however, the influences on
organizational citizenship behavior caused by some other dimensions,
are similar to those of other researches; These dimensions are:
perception of procedural justice, perception of interpersonal justice &
perception of informational justice.
The conclusion is that organizational citizenship behavior is a kind of
voluntary behavior and is mostly influenced by the supervisors'
thoughts and way of behavior, and also the organization's plans and
policies.

Abstract Phenomenography is a qualitative research method that is situated within interpretative paradigm. It was developed in Gothenburg University, Sweden, in 1970s and its objective is to achieve a deep
understanding of various perceptions of a phenomenon by different
people. Fundamentals of this method are based on the issue that
different individuals can have different perceptions or experiences
from a single phenomenon. Phenomenography attains and categorizes
these experiences, benefitting from individual interviews as data
gathering instrument. The results of a phenomenography research are
some limited descriptive categories so that each of these categories represents a separate concept of a certain phenomenon perceived by a certain group of individuals. In addition, for presenting general and
multiple concepts of a phenomenon, phenomenographers relate these
descriptive categories within a larger framework which is called “outcome space”. Hence, the results of phenomenography studies are useful in deep understanding of the concept of a phenomenon, from a
certain group’s perspective 

Abstract One of the most principal elements in the success of any service or manufacturing organization is its customer satisfaction. The Post Company of Islamic Republic of Iran is not an exception to this rule. At the same time, it is somewhat impossible to evaluate the quality of postal services without identifying appropriate criteria. One of the most important attributes in evaluation of the postal quality is the transmission time – the amount of time it takes from reception of the item from the sender, until it is delivered to the recipient. This paper
reports specification, feasibility and scope of a system proposed for the regular post, to continuously test the transmission times of posting the items 

Abstract As the power of the seller has shifted to the buyer today, organizations
are realizing that competing with cheaper, better or different products
is not sufficient, and competitive advantage cannot be achieved by
differentiating products alone, but through enhanced customer
relationship . At the same time, customers are experiencing low
switching costs and could easily redirect their loyalty from one
company to another.
In this research, for CRM assessment, a CRM score card consisting of
four parts (substructure, process, customer, and organization
performance) was utilized. After identifying the CRM assessment
factors, a questionnaire was applied to confirm the effectiveness of
each factor in CRM assessment of Iran Khodro Company (IKCO), to
be used in structured interviews with experts and managers; the
results indicated verification of these factors. In the subsequent step,
the present situation of IKCO in CRM implementation was evaluated
with regard to the identified factors. Finally gap analysis was
performed to identify the factors that created the gap between the
present and desired situation. Identification of effective factors in
CRM assessment, evaluation of the CRM present situation of IKCO,
and gap analysis, are the most important outputs of this research.