Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Phenomenography is a qualitative research method that is situated within interpretative paradigm. It was developed in Gothenburg University, Sweden, in 1970s and its objective is to achieve a deep
understanding of various perceptions of a phenomenon by different
people. Fundamentals of this method are based on the issue that
different individuals can have different perceptions or experiences
from a single phenomenon. Phenomenography attains and categorizes
these experiences, benefitting from individual interviews as data
gathering instrument. The results of a phenomenography research are
some limited descriptive categories so that each of these categories represents a separate concept of a certain phenomenon perceived by a certain group of individuals. In addition, for presenting general and
multiple concepts of a phenomenon, phenomenographers relate these
descriptive categories within a larger framework which is called “outcome space”. Hence, the results of phenomenography studies are useful in deep understanding of the concept of a phenomenon, from a
certain group’s perspective 

ستارزاده، نیلوفر؛ زمانزاده، وحید و زنوزی، آزاده ( 1386 ). بررسی تجارب جنسی زنان در
طی دوره پس از زایمان: یک مطالعه پدیدارشناسی. مجله پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی
.66- تبریز، دوره 29 ، شماره 3، صفحات 59
2. شعبانی ورکی، بختیار. ( 1385 ). منطق پژوهش در علوم تربیتی و اجتماعی؛ جهتگیری
نوی . ن مشهد: به نشر.
3. فانیان، نسرین و مهرابی، طیبه ( 1387 ). تجارب تیم روان پزشکی از کار تیمی در بخشهای
.136- روان پزشکی. تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، دوره 6، شماره 2، صفحات 129
4. فلیک، یو. ( 1382 ). درآمدی بر پژوه شهای کیفی در علوم انسان . ی ترجمه عبدالرسول
جمشیدیان، سید علی سیادت و رضا علی نوروزی. قم: سماء قلم.
5. فلیک، اوه ( 1388 )، درآمدی بر تحقیق کیفی، ترجمه هادی جلیلی، تهران: نشر نی. 
 
6. Akerlind, G. (2005). Variation and commonality in
phenomenographic research methods. Higher Education Research &
Development, Vol. 24, No. 4.
7. Angles, J. M. (2007). The impact of shared leadership on the
effectiveness of self-managed work teams: A phenomenological study
(Doctoral dissertation). Available from Dissertation and Theses
database. (UMI No. 3277198).
8. Boon, S., Johnston, B., & Webber, S. (2007). A phenomenographic
study of English faculty’s conceptions of information literacy.
Journal of Documentation, Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 204-228.
9. Bruce, C. (2003). Phenomenography in the centre for Information
Technology Innovation (CITI). Paper presented at the EARLI, SIG10
Conference, Canberra, December 2002.
10. Bruce, C., Pham, B. & Stoodley, I. (2002). The Collective
Consciousness of Information Technology Research: The Significance
and Value of Research Projects.
11. Henderson, C. (2002). Faculty Conceptions about the Teaching and
Learning of Problem Solving in Introductory Calculus-Based Physics.
Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnestoa, Twin
Cities.
12. Johnson, P. & Duberley, J. (2000). Understanding Management
Research: An introduction to epistimology. Thousand Oaks: SAGE
Publication Ltd.
13. Kaapu, T., Saarenpää, T., Tiainen, T. & Paakki M-K. (2006), The
Truth is Out There - Phenomenography in Information Systems
Research. Proceedings of the 29th Information Systems Research
Seminar in Scandinavia, Helsingör, Denmark, 12-15.8.2006, 17 p.
Available at http://www.itu.dk/iris29/ IRIS29/14‐6.pdf
14. Marton, F. and Yan Pong, W. (2005). On the unit of description in
phenomenography. Higher Education Research & Development, Vol.
24, No. 4.
Marton, F. (1994). Phenomenography. In Husén & Postlethwait
(Eds.): The international encyclopedia of education. Oxford:
Pergamon.
16. Marton, F. (1988). Phenomenography: a research approach to
investigating different understandings of reality. In Sherman &
Webb (Eds.): Qualitative research in education: focus and methods.
London: Falmer Press.
17. Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography: describing conceptions of the
world around us. Instructional Science, Vol. 10, pp.177-200.
18. McAuley, J., Duberley, J. & Johnson, P. (2007). Organization
Theory: Challenges and Perspectives. Harlow: Pearson Education.
19. McKelvey, William. 2003. Postmodernism vs. Truth in Management
Theory. In E. Locke (ed.) Post Modernism and Management: Pros,
Cons and the Alternative. Research in the Sociology of Organizations.
Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier Science, 21: 113-168.
20. Myers, M. D. (1997). Qualitative Research in Information Systems.
Retrieved November 12, 2009 from
http://www.qual.auckland.ac.nz/.
21. Neuman, W. l. (1999). Social research methods: Qualitative and
Quantitative approaches (4th ed). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
22. Orgill, M. (2008). Phenomenography. Retrieved May 14, 2008 from
http://www.minds.may.ie/~dez/phenom.html.
23. Orlikowski, W. J. & Baroudi, J. J. (1991). Studying Information
Technology in Organizations: Research Approaches and
Assumptions. The Institute of Management Sciences
24. Osteraker, M. (2002). Phenomenography as a research method in
management research. Available at
www.ecsocman.edu.ru/images/pubs/2002/.../phenomenography.pdf.
25. Rose, E., Heron, J. L. & Sofat, I. (2005). Student Understandings of
Information Systems Design, Learning and Teaching: A
phenomenography approach. Journal of Information Systems
Education, Vol. 16, No. 2.
26. Richardson, j. T. E. (1999). The concepts and methods of
phenomenographic research. Review of Educational Research, Vol.
69, No. 1, pp. 53-82.
27. Salganik, M. J. & Heckathorn, D. D. (2004). Sampling and
estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling.
Sociological Methodology, Vo. 34, No. 1, pp.193-239.
28. Uljens, M. (1993). The essence and existence of phenomenography.
Nordisk Pedagogik, Vol. 13, No. 3.
29. Webb, G. (1997). Deconstructing deep and surface: Towards a
critique pf phenomenography. Higher Education, Vol. 33, pp. 195-
212.