Management Studies in Development and Evolution

Abstract Every organization wants to attract, retain and motivate its employees.
Many believe that such desire is an initial purpose of any reward
program. The total rewards approach provides organizations with a
total solution. By taking Armstrong’s total rewards approach,
organizations can achieve the best mix of monetary and non-monetary
rewards. In this research, it is attempted to offer an effective reward
pattern for civil servants regarding the total reward approach. Our data
were gathered by random sampling from the employees of Export
Development Bank of Iran and were analyzed using SPSS 16 and
LISREL 8/51. Results of the research show that there is a positive
meaningful correlation among elements of total reward, motivation
and performance. Also, there is a positive meaningful causal
relationship between elements of the total reward and motivation, and
between elements of total reward and performance. There is found no
causal relationship between motivation and performance. Meanwhile,
among the elements of total reward, the individual-transactional
rewards and communal-relational rewards have more effect on the
dependent variables. It is important to note that the aforesaid relations
were provided by the structural equation modeling.

Abstract Power balance and control is considered as one of the most fundamental issues in the governance literature in which, position of the public as main owners of power is of paramount importance; however, it seems it is losing its importance more and more these days with the growing power of governments. In the governance systems, power is checked and balanced in two ways: the first way is through interactions among triple powers, and the second is through the centrality of civil society as a link between administration and the
public. In the present study focusing on the second approach, “checks and balances pyramid” is designed by three constituents including administration, civil society and the public. To clarify the issue and to
recognize its triple constituents, 67 key indicators were initially obtained by Delphi technique and then they were judged by the connoisseurs and elites of political science, sociology, law, economy and public management. Finally, the requirements for establishing power balance and control system were studied.

Abstract One of the most important strategic sectors of any country's economy
is the military sector.
Thus governments allocate a considerable amount of effort and cost to help
this sector through obtaining its objectives. Meanwhile, it is known that an
effective way for military sectors to cover their own expenditures, and
showcase their powers, is export. Also, it is known that a major prerequisite
for prospering in exports is acknowledging the customer wants and fulfilling
them.
This article tries to identify the harms of Iran’s military export, and employs
the qualitative methods such as open questionnaire, depth interview, and
content analysis. Afterwards, its conceptual model is drawn making use of
the affinity diagram. At the final stage, using quantitative methods, harms
are categorized and prioritized by the results acquired from the adaptive
matrix. Statistical population of this research is comprised of 63 internal
experts (with 0.65 cooperation ratio) and 95 foreign experts (with 0.65
cooperation ratio). Findings revealed that internal experts found 9 harm
items to be critical, needing urgent investigation and resolution, while
this number was 4 with the foreign experts.

Abstract Alignment among all the strategies of different sectors in every organization is now being one of the challenges of today’s organizational management. This paper aims to develop an integrated model of manufacturing strategy in coordination with marketing and business strategies. According to the obtained results, the mentioned coordination has a meaningful impact on organizational performance.
Our research strategy is survey, and the method used, in terms of results is developmental, descriptive-oriented in terms of goal, and quantitative in terms of data. Measurement tools are questionnaire and
interview. Our statistical population consists of the manufacturing companies admitted in the Tehran Stock Exchange. For measuring the companies’ performances, we calculated the growth rate of sales acquired from financial statements of five years. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The research results verified the integrated model of manufacturing strategy. Findings also indicate that the companies incorporating a coordinative combination of business, marketing, and manufacturing strategies have a higher performance.

Abstract Should the human resource managers be concerned about cynicism and should they attempt to respond to it or not, depends mostly on whether cynicism has any negative effects on employees or their organizations. Many researchers have found that there is a relation between organizational cynicism and many variables such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational alienation, and organizational citizenship behavior. As many studies have shown, Cynicism has been associated with negative consequences respecting
the employees. Employees that are cynical about their organization, experience a variety of negative emotions, including distress, disgust and even shame when they think of their organizations. These
negative emotions result in emotional fatigue and depression. In this study it is attempted to investigate the causes and consequences of organizational cynicism in the Parsian Electronic Commerce Company. For the testing of research hypotheses, structural equation 
model (SEM) was used. The test results indicated that psychological
contract violation, organizational justice, and perceived organizational
support, affect the employee’s organizational cynicism; also that
organizational cynicism has an effect on employee’s organizational
commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and their
counterproductive work behavior.

Abstract Pursuit of superior financial performance is one of the most important  issues for firms and management researchers. This study examines the relationship among organizational learning, innovation and financial performance, and that whether this relationship improves in the context of strategic alliances. We tested our model on a sample of 105 partnering firms, applying structural equation modeling based on
Partial Least Squares (PLS) methodology. Results suggest a significant and positive relationship among organizational learning, innovation and financial performance. Also, it is manifested that this relationships becomes stronger in cases of firms partnering together.

Abstract Change is one of the major challenges that organizations face with in this competitive area. Organizations deal with changes in different aspects such as customer demand variations, technological innovations and instability of the environment. In order to adapt to this turbulent and volatile market, organizations should attempt to change their priorities, strategic visions and their traditional models. For that reason, in the past few decades, the manufacturing realm has taken a rather new orientation toward a manufacturing paradigm called agility. Agility as the 21stcentury’s paradigm is the organization’s ability to exploit the opportunities brought about by the occurring changes. Numerous researches have taken place in association with
this winner strategy, its evaluation and ways of making organizations agile. However, what has not taken much attention is weather getting to an agile state is vital and inevitable for organizations in the global
economic system. In this paper, environmental variables of Baspar Sazeh Company were identified as the agility drivers. Then, employing the fuzzy approach, the importance weights, and performance rate of drivers were aggregated; thereby an agility index was obtained enabling the agility-need-level of manufacturing
companies to be evaluated.