Management Studies in Development and Evolution

Abstract Job security  is  considered  from  two points of view: subjective  and objective.  In an organization, objective view is considered with  threatening factors:  as  thought  subjective view regards  senses  and  feelings  (for  the  lack  of any obstacle  in  employment -  at present and  future). Individual organizational, and  environmental factors  play a vital  role  in job security.  Joh security in extremes,  too  high  or  too  low, results  in  low performance  and  dysfunctional. Different  strategies,  approaches and  procedures are  provided  by which  one can  impose a better control on  factors, weaken the threatening factors and improve the attitudes, as a result. employees might be enabled to challenge the  threatening factors.

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Abstract The subject of this article  is the issue of accountability in public sector.  It aims  to define  and conceptualize  accountability and present a typology to be used  for comparison among contemporary  political and administrative systems. To  this end, the article  intends to  formulate  a model  through  which systems of accountability in countries such  as Britain and United States as well as Pakistan, Bangladesh  and Zambia  will be examined. This analysis, will reveal  a measure of effectiveness of the  above - mentioned systems. It also, suggests and analytical framework for comparative studies on administrative behavior.

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