Management Studies in Development and Evolution

Abstract

Abstract One of the most important problems in organization and management research is uncompatibility of subject and research method. Traditionally researchers of management and organization have used research methods of natural sciences to explore the unknown of organizations. In this article, author tries to introduce Qualitative Research as an appropriate approach to solve the mentioned problem. Nature, data collection methods, and Trys of Qualitative Research are main sections of present article. The author hopes this article plays an influential role in introducing a new way for researchers in organization and management.

Abstract Tourism industry, like every other phenomenon, could have positive & negative impacts upon our society. There is no doubt regarding the importance of tourism, but the knowledge about the phenomenon itself and its consequences must keep pace with the increasing amount of tourists and growth in areas devoted to tourism. The effects of tourism must be considered within a complex web of economical,Political social, cultural, and environmental factors. Tourism industry has both the potential to contribute or alternatively, destroy the foregoing factors. The article, studies tourism through system perspective and concludes with some suggestions about the strategies which can contribute to enjoy the benefits of tourism and avoid its harmful consequences upon our society

Abstract

Abstract The leader with a functional perspective uses structures within the larger organization to get people to accomplish important tasks and commit themselves to organizational goals. In this article some examples have been discussed to demonstrate some of the ways in which managers can use the functional perspective to increase the performance and commitment of employees. If the manager views leader behavior as one of several structures capable of fulfilling task and maintenance functions, then he has a range of alternatives to choose from in maintaining effective employee performance and commitment. If performance is poor, is it because of too little or too much direction? if commitment is weak, is it because of too little support or because of a combination of too much support and too little direction? Once these and similar questions have been answered, the manager can begin to search for available, practical structures for remedying the inadequacies in any work situation. Some of the actions have been recommended are not generally thought of as part of leader behavior, nevertheless, they increase the likelihood that employees will perform well and commit themselves to the goals of the work group and, certainly, the manager who take steps to produce effective employee behavior is an effective leader.

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract Nowadays,in most of the developed countries, systematic collection of social information and its submission to the labor department is obligatory for all kinds of businesses (ex. large, small. lucrative, non-luncrative, public, non-public, .... ) . But unfortunately, in our country, statement of social information is not carried out as financial statements. In this article the conception and the implications of social information systems are discussed, and the applications of such instruments as "Human Reources Accounting"(ex.social Balance - sheet) and "Social Audit" are evoked. Conception and Design of such information systems in our organizations could respond to the resolution of many social problems such as absenteeism, turnover, work incidents, low level of productivity,....