Management Studies in Development and Evolution

Abstract There are many Iranian companies that are working abroad and many international organizations that are operating within our national boarder. One of the important factors that influences their activities is political risk. International companies are working in a complex political environment which is not easy to assess and manage. The political environments provide opportunities and drawbacks, and determine the strategies that international organizations develop. This article focuses on the concept of political risk, assessing and managing its various types. Generally, the more positive political environment, the more integrative approaches a company apt to employ. In negative environment, however, defensive approaches are preferred.

Abstract Critical theory is one of the contemporary thoughts about social sciences. Critical theory, emphasizes social realities incorporating historically situated structures. Thus critical theory aim at criticizing and transforming social, political cultural economic ethnic and values. In the article, First, we study early critical theory, then discuss (critical of Max Horkheimer) critical theory of Urgen Habermas. At the end examine its relation to public administration.

Abstract Evidences indicate that the Islamic Republic of Iran enjoy a reasonable amount of comparative advantage in their processed foodstuff to export to the neighboring countries, particularly to the U.A.E Despite this fact, the country's processed food exporters have failed to gain advantage of this opportunity. Present paper is aimed at elucidating some outstanding reasons for this problem. Three groups of questionnaires were prepared in two languages (Persian and English) to ask the views of the members of a sample of importers, sellers, and consumers of these products of Iran it the U.A.E. Non - parametric statistical methods such as the Mann - Whitney, the Kruskal - Wallis, and Friedman were used to test the hypotheses of this research. Quite a few reasons were found to account for the Iranian exporter's meager success  in placing the above products in the hands of their Arab consumers, who regarded the quality of these products as high. However, a lack of knowledge of these exporters of the modern exporting concepts or otherwise their lack of willingness to rely on experts in this field to handle the relevant issues for them were found to be the most important impediment to the export of these foodstuff to the U. A E. To offer some suggestions for the promotion of these products of Iran in the U.A.E. AHP model was used to rank consumers, responses to the question "What do they take into account in deciding to purchase as item of processed foodstuff?" The paper is concluded with a summary and some policy suggestions. Suggestions are also provided for further research.

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Abstract Survival of the firm, faced with crisis is considered to be of strategic concern for its stakeholders, As such mature actions taken to help organizations, avert crises or more effectively manage those that do occur, is of strategic importance. This article reviews some of the most important theories and alternative views related to the concept of crisis and organizational crisis management. Lack of adequate integration among different research perspectives is illustrated and a need to multidisciplinary approach to crisis management and its alignment with the strategic management framework of the firm is emphasized.

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Abstract ln this article first, we review and give some statistics regarding the performance of free zones in general, Then, we discuss the history, objectives, rules and regulations (especially the performance) of the free zones of Iran. We try to find the causes of the relative failure of these organizations and introduce approaches which might guarantee success.

Abstract In the beginning of third millennium new generation of learning organizations have emerged. These organizations have applied new instruments and also used previous generation instruments more effectively. New learning organizations are more successful in cornpetivite world and enable to achieve their missions. By using various sources, we try to define these organizations and describe their instruments in past, present and future.

Abstract The history of statistics has become interesting in recent decades to a remarkably diverse group of scholars, and for an equally wide-ranging unwieldy set of reasons, Among them: (1) The incorporation of chance, and of statistical reasoning, into the sciences has involved some fundamental intellectual changes, perhaps even a kind of scientific revolution. (2) As a social technology, statistics is a form of information that is also an important medium of power. (3) Statistics joins the human sciences to the physical and natural ones. More than that, it has come to involve in a particularly striking way an ideal and an ethic of objectivity, meaning, among other things, control of the subjective. (4) Statistics has become an indispensable language of public discussion, with immense credibility even if it is also sometimes condemned. The history of statistical graphics and the rise of statistical thinking are  intertwined with each other throughout the 19th century. Over this time, social, behavioral, medical, and economic statistics began to be gathered in large and periodic series, and the usefulness of these bodies of data for planning, for governmental response, and as a subject worth of study in tis own right, began to be recognized, Graphical methods were in widespread use in the second half of 19th century. The birth of statistical thinking was also accompanied by a rise in visual thinking: a desire to make these numbers - their trends, tendencies, and distributions - more easily communicated or accessible to visual inspection. This paper brings together topics representing notable landmarks in historical developments in statistical graphics. William play fair invented the pie chart in 1801. In the following two centuries, this serviceable and likeable little graph has found many uses and users. Ever since John Tukey's graphical representation has drawn interest as a form of visualization and a means of communication, and these roles are important enough, But its significance extends still further.

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