Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

• Mehdi Yazdanshenas ¹
• Zohreh Dehdashti Shahrokh ²
• Hamed Dehghanan ³
• Behnaz Pani ⁴

¹ Associate Professor, Faculty of Accounting and Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Business Management, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran

³ Department of Business Management, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran

⁴ PhD student at Allameh Tabatabai University

Abstract

Resilience has garnered significant attention in human resource development research. However, limited scholarly research has focused on female managers. This study aims to bridge this gap by providing an in-depth examination of female managers' resilience. Employing a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, this research reviews a collection of studies on resilience. The literature search was conducted in two phases: an exploratory and a focused search. A review of academic databases identified 1,047 articles containing "resilience". Articles whose titles and abstracts did not include keywords related to resilience were excluded. The remaining articles were analyzed for alignment with the study. Ultimately, 35 articles matching the research objectives were selected for analysis. Using Sandelowski and Barroso’s framework, the findings were synthesized. In total, 22 concepts and five categories were identified. The antecedents of female managers' resilience were classified into individual, organizational, and situational factors. The outcomes were categorized into organizational and individual achievements. Among examined factors, self-efficacy, work-life balance, family support, and reflective learning received the most references. The findings highlight a range of factors that human resource professionals should consider in fostering female managers' resilience, sustaining human capital, and ensuring business sustainability.

ا

Highlights

1. بادزبان، فاطمه؛ رضایی مقدم، کوروش؛ فاطمی، مهسا (1399).  تحلیل میزان تاب آوری زنان کارآفرین روستایی با بهره گیری از مقیاس کانر- دیویدسون. فصلنامه سیاست نامه علم و فنآوری، دوره 10، شماره 1، بهار 1399. 39-50 20.1001.1.24767220.1399.10.1.3.4
2. باقری، مهدی.؛ صادقی، مسعود.؛ ابوالقاسمی، محمود؛ و فضل‌الهی قمشی، سیف الله. (۱۴۰۰). شناسایی ابعاد تاب‌آوری مدیران مدارس ابتدایی بر اساس تحلیل مضمون. مطالعات رفتاری در مدیریت، ۱۲(۲۸). https://journals.iau.ir/article_687412.html
3. خاکی، غلامرضا (1391). روش تحقیق در مدیریت. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
4. گلستانه، سیدموسی و تیموری، اسفندیار (1398) .بررسی برخی از پیشایندها و پیامدهای مهم تاب‌آوری معلمان. دستاوردهای روان‌شناختی، 16(2) ، 269-290. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.22286144.1398.26.1.10.5

5. رحیمی ، فرج الله؛ محمدی، جیران؛ کیانی، احسان (1397). الگوی چندسطحی پیشامدها و پیامدهای تاب‌آوری شغلی در محیط کار. فصلنامه مشاوره شغلی و سازمانی. دوره دهم. شماره34. بهار 1397.   63-44 https://jcoc.sbu.ac.ir/article_99796.html
6. Agarwal, S., Lenka, U., Singh, K., Agrawal, V., & Agrawal, A. M. (2020). A qualitative approach towards crucial factors for sustainable development of women social entrepreneurship: Indian cases. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 123135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123135
7. . Agarwal, S., Ramadani, V., Dana, L.-P., Agrawal, V., & Dixit, J. K. (2022). Assessment of the significance of factors affecting the growth of women entrepreneurs: study based on experience categorization. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(1), 111-136. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-08-2020-0313
8. Ahmed, A., Ucbasaran, D., Cacciotti, G., & Williams, T. (2022). Integrating PsyDucheklogical Resilience, Stress, and Coping in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review and Research Agenda. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 46, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720964135
9. American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org
10. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz Vergel, A. I. (2014). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 389–411. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091235
11. Bardoel, A., & Drago, R. (2021). Acceptance and strategic resilience: An application of Conservation of Resources theory. Group & Organization Management, 46, 657-691.
12. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011211022488
13. Biggs, R., Schlüter, M., Bohensky, E., BurnSilver, S., Cundill, G., Dakos, V., Daw, T., Evans, K., Kotschy, K., Leitch, A., Meek, C., Quinlan, A., Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Robards, M., Schoon, M., Schultz, L., & West, P. C. (2012). Towards principles for enhancing the resilience of ecosystem services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(1), 421–448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836
14. Block, J.H. and Block, J. (1980), “The role of ego-control and ego resiliency in the organization of behavior”, Development of cognition, affect, and social relations: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology ,Vol. 13, 39–101. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
15. Brodsky, A. E., Welsh, E., Carrillo, A., Talwar, G., Scheibler, J., & Butler, T. (2011). Between synergy and conflict: Balancing the processes of organizational and individual resilience in an Afghan women’s community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(3–4), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9399-5
16. Branicki, L. B., & Sullivan‐Taylor, B. (2023). Gender and resilience at work: A critical introduction. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(1), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12900
17. Bridges, D., Wulff, E., & Bamberry, L. (2021). Resilience for gender inclusion: Developing a model for women in male-dominated occupations. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(S1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12685
18. Britt, T. W., Shen, W., Sinclair, R. R., Grossman, M. R., & Klieger, D. M. (2016). How much do we really know about employee resilience? Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(June), 378–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.107
19. Bonanno, G. A., Rennicke, C., & Dekel, S. (2005). Self-enhancement among high-exposure survivors of the September 11th terrorist attack: Resilience or social maladjustment? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), 984–998. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.984
20. Cho, Y., Park, J., Han, S. J., Sung, M., & Park, C. (2021). Women entrepreneurs in South Korea: Motivations, challenges and career success. European Journal of Training and Development, 45(2/3), 97–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-03-2020-0039
21. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publication
22. Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. (2002). Resilience and families. Family Relations, 51(2), 101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2002.00101.x
23. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
24. Cooper, C.L., Flint-Taylor, J. and Pearn, M. (2013), Building Resilience for Success: A Resource for Managers and Organizations, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
25. Douglas, S., & Pittenger, L. M. (2020). Adversity in aviation: Understanding resilience in the workplace for female pilots. The International Journal of Aerospace Psychology, 30(3–4), 89–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/24721840.2020.1847196
26. Duchek, S., Foerster, C., & Scheuch, I. (2022). Bouncing up: The development of women leaders’ resilience. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 38(4), 101234.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scaman.2022.101234
27. Egeland, B., Carlson, E. and Sroufe, L.A. (1993), “Resilience as process”, Development and Psychopathology, Vol. 5 No. 4, 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400006131
28. Flick, U. (2004). Triangulation in qualitative research. In U. Flick, E. von Kardorff, & I. Steinke (Eds.), A companion to qualitative research. 178–183. London: SAGE Publications.
29. Gong, L., Zhang, S., & Liu, Z. (2024). The impact of inclusive leadership on task performance: a moderated mediation model of resilience capacity and work meaningfulness. Baltic Journal of Management, 19 (1): 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1108/BJM-08-2023-0310
30. Goyal, R., Kakabadse, N., Kakabadse, A., & Talbot, D. (2023). Female board directors' resilience against gender discrimination. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(1), 197-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12906
31. Hartmann, S., Backmann, J., Newman, A., Brykman, K.M.J. and Pidduck, R.J. (2022), “Psychological resilience of entrepreneurs: a review and agenda for future research”, Journal of Small BusinessManagement, Vol. 60 No. 5, pp. 1041-1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2021.2024216
32. . Hanson, R., & Hanson, F. (2018). Resilient: How to grow an unshakable core of calm, strength, and happiness. Harmony.
33. Jackson, D., Firtko, A. and Edenborough, M. (2007), “Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: a literature review”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 60 No. 1, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x
34. Jogulu, U., & Franken, E. (2022). The career resilience of senior women managers: A cross‐cultural perspective. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(S1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12847
35. Khilji, S., & Pumroy, K. (2019). We are strong and we are resilient: Career experiences of women engineers. Gender, Work & Organization, 26(1), 26–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12253
36. Kim, M., & Windsor, C. (2015). Resilience and work-life balance in first-line nurse managers. Asian Nursing Research, 9(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2014.09.003
37. Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.1
38. Koekemoer, E., Olckers, C., & Schaap, P. (2023). The subjective career success of women: The role of personal resources. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1121989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1121989
39. Kogut, C., & Mejri, K. (2022). Female entrepreneurship in emerging markets: Challenges of running a business in turbulent contexts and times. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, ahead-of-print. 10.1108. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-01-2022-0012
40. . Kuntz, J., Connell, P., & Näswall, K. (2017). Workplace resources and employee resilience: The role of regulatory profiles. Career Development International, 22(4), 419–435 https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2016-0208
41. . Kossek, E. E., & Perrigino, M. B. (2016). Resilience: A review using a grounded integrated occupational approach. The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 729–797. https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1159878
42. Kromidha, E., & Bachtiar, N. K. (2024). Developing entrepreneurial resilience from uncertainty as usual: A learning theory approach on readiness, response and opportunity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 30(3), 561–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2023-0714
43. Lee, J., & Wang, J. (2017). Developing entrepreneurial resilience: Implications for human resource development. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(6), 519–539. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2016-0070
44. Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S. M. (2007). Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00083.x
45. Maddi, S. R. (2012). Hardiness: Turning stressful circumstances into resilient growth. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5222-1
46. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLOS Medicine 6(7): e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
47. . Moody’s Analytics, Close the gender gap to unlock productivity gains. March 2023.
48. Mustafa, M., Elliott, C., Ramos, H. M., & Lee, G. (2024). Reimagining and contextualising women's entrepreneurship in Asia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-09-2022-0210
49. Nassif, V. M. J., & Garçon, M. M. (2024). The integrative approach in the study of resilience in female entrepreneurship. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(1/2), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-01-2023-0013
50. Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. A., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41(1–2), 127–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6
51. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
52. Owens, K. S., Kirwan, J. R., Lounsbury, J. W., Levy, J. J., & Gibson, L. W. (2013). Personality correlates of self-employed small business owners' success. Work, 45(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-121550
53. Pangallo, A., Zibarras, L., Lewis, R., & Flaxman, P. (2015). Resilience through the lens of interactionism: A systematic review. Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000024
54. Renko, M., Bullough, A., & Saeed, S. (2021). How do resilience and self-efficacy relate to entrepreneurial intentions in countries with varying degrees of fragility? A six-country study. International Small Business Journal, 39(2), 130–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620960456
55. Ruskin, J., Seymour, R. G., & Webster, C. M. (2016). Why create value for others? An exploration of social entrepreneurial motives. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(4), 1015–1037. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12229
56. Sandelowski, M., Barroso, J., & Voils, C. I. (2007). Using qualitative metasummary to synthesize qualitative and quantitative descriptive findings. Research in Nursing & Health, 30(1), 99–111. Doi:1002/nur.20176
57. . Sharma, S., & Rautela, S. (2022). Entrepreneurial resilience and self-efficacy during global crisis: Study of small businesses in a developing economy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 14(6), 1369–1386. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2021-0123
58. Shafique, S., Tabassum, N., Konstantopoulou, A., & Arslan, A. (2019). Antecedents of women managers’ resilience: Conceptual discussion and implications for HRM. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 27(2), 241–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-07-2018-1476
59. Soanes, C., & Stevenson, A. (2006). Oxford dictionary of English (2nd Ed.). Oxford University Press.
60. Sutcliffe, K. M., & Vogus, T. J. (2003). Organizing for resilience. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline , 94–110. Berrett-Koehler.    https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2234804
61. Tokbaeva, D., & Achtenhagen, L. (2023). Career resilience of female professionals in the male‐dominated IT industry in Sweden: Toward a process perspective. Gender, Work & Organization, 30(S1), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12671
62. Tlaiss, H. A., & McAdam, M. (2020). Unexpected lives: The intersection of Islam and Arab women’s entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 171(2), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04437-0
63. Wan Othman, W. N., Wan Jaafar, W. M., Zainudin, Z. N., & Mohamad Yusop, Y. (2024). Resilience and psychological well-being among career women: A systematic review. Health Education and Health Promotion, 12(2), 1001–1017. https://doi.org/10.58209/hehp.12.2.261
64. Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 744–800. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562
65. Zehra, K., & Usmani, S. (2021). Not without family: Refugee family entrepreneurship and economic integration process. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 15(5), 697–715. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-06-2020-0113

Keywords

• Resilience
• Female Managers
• Meta-synthesis
• Human Resource Management

Main Subjects

• Organizational Behavior