Human Resource Management
Aakbar Hassanpoor; Sareh Ebrahimi
Abstract
As the most important capital of the organization, managers spend most of their time in the workplace. The characteristics of the quality of work life have an effective role in managers' performance and can encourage them to use their maximum abilities. This research aimed to design and explain a hierarchical ...
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As the most important capital of the organization, managers spend most of their time in the workplace. The characteristics of the quality of work life have an effective role in managers' performance and can encourage them to use their maximum abilities. This research aimed to design and explain a hierarchical model of public sector managers' quality of work life in Tehran using a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative section, 18 model components were obtained from interviews with 18 experts and analyzed using the content analysis method. The quantitative section determined the relationship between the components using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. Analyzing the qualitative and quantitative data of the research, a 9-level model was obtained. The most affecting component of this model at the ninth level is uncertainty. At the same time, decision phobia and fear of mistakes, false participation in decision-making, loneliness in the workplace, stress, and nervous pressure are the components that were affected more than other components of this model. The results of this research help employees and managers to have a more realistic image of managerial positions by presenting the pros and cons of it.Introduction Early qualitative research suggests that becoming a manager can be a double-edged sword. It means this important career change is a narrative of gains and losses: On the one hand, new managers often boast of their new influence and authority while lamenting that they are doing too much in too little time. Therefore, considering the important position of managers in the public sector and their multiple roles, the analysis of managers' quality of life is of great importance as an important issue. In addition, knowing the components of managers' quality of work life helps employees make a more informed decision about career advancement and better guide their career path. In addition to being exposed to environmental, socio-economic, cultural, and family stressors, the public sector also faces occupational stress. Therefore, by identifying the hierarchical model of managers' quality of work life, it is possible to increase the motivation of employees for promotion by benefiting from the factors that strengthen the quality of managers' work life and providing a solution to improve the factors that lead to endangering the quality of managers' work life. Moreover, portraying a more realistic vision of the managerial position prepared them for career advancement. For this purpose, this research seeks to find the hierarchical model of public sector managers' quality of work life in Tehran.Materials and methods This research was conducted using a mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) and seeks to provide a hierarchical model of the quality of working life of public sector managers in Tehran. This research is a descriptive survey in terms of nature and method and practical in terms of purpose. In the qualitative part, the thematic analysis method has been used through semi-structured interviews to understand, recognize, and extract the variables. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part includes a collection of academic experts and specialists familiar with the quality of work life of managers and with the scientific rank of associate professor and above, managers of seven government organizations in Tehran with a master's degree and above and management experience of at least ten years, as well as consultants Managers of government organizations with at least ten years of consulting experience and a doctorate in management. The criterion of sample adequacy is theoretical saturation. A total of 18 people were interviewed using the purposeful selective sampling method, and theoretical saturation was achieved. The following variables were modeled using the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. In the quantitative part of the research, 14 experts from the qualitative part who were familiar with how to respond to the self-interaction matrix were selected purposefully.Results and DiscussionBy Analyzing data in the research, a nine-level model was obtained; the most affecting component of this model at the ninth level is uncertainty, while decision phobia and fear of mistakes, false participation in decision-making, loneliness in the workplace, stress, and nervous pressure are the components which were affected more than other components of this model.ConclusionAs the research model shows, uncertainty can affect salaries and rewards, legal responsibility, and managers' sense of power. Therefore, it is suggested that managers first define and understand uncertainties. Then, try to have an efficient and effective pre-determined scenario for each of these uncertainties in the government organizations of Tehran. Managers of government organizations in Tehran should know that to maintain a balance between their lives and work; they should pay attention to their personal life issues, take these issues seriously, and always try not to diminish their role in the family. Managers are suggested to respect old friends and colleagues more than before and to lay the foundation of friendship in performing organizational tasks. This will make the manager's colleagues and friends consider work fun and commitment. As public sector managers get promoted, they somehow lose their informal connections and friends and end up alone in the workplace. Weakening of informal relationships, formal behaviors, feelings of power, etc., finally leaves managers alone in the workplace, which reduces the quality of their work life and makes managers suffer from this problem. In order to deal with loneliness, Tehran's public sector managers should try to reduce their distance from employees as much as possible and apply reasonable formality. Managers should adopt a collaborative approach to organizational decision-making. Maximizing participation and valuing employee input can reduce false participation. Using an efficient suggestion system can also help the manager in this direction. The fact is that stress and nervous pressure challenge the working life of managers in the public sector. It seems that maintaining calmness in stressful working conditions, accurate and regular prioritization of tasks, using organizational justice in the real sense, organizational transparency, and establishing a balance between personal and professional life can effectively reduce stress and nervous pressure. The results of this research help employees and managers to have a more realistic image of managerial positions by presenting the pros and cons of it.
Organizational Behavior
Mehdi Mohazabi; Mahmoud Moradi
Abstract
One of the most important and debatable issues in the field of employees' emotions is the issue of envy in the workplace. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and consequences of envy in the workplace based on social comparison theory. To this end, a framework for understanding ...
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One of the most important and debatable issues in the field of employees' emotions is the issue of envy in the workplace. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and consequences of envy in the workplace based on social comparison theory. To this end, a framework for understanding the antecedents and consequences of envy in the workplace was first developed based on Festinger's social comparison theory. In the next step, we implemented this model in Sapco. In this regard, 158 questionnaires were distributed among the sample members through the Relative stratified sampling method. The results of data analysis showed that narcissism, neuroticism, and competition have a positive and significant effect on envy in the workplace; Self-esteem and perceived control have a significant adverse effect on envy in the workplace. The results also showed that envy in the workplace has a negative and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior and organizational perceptions; envy in the workplace has a positive and significant effect on turnover intentions, moral dysfunction, and counterproductive work behaviors.IntroductionThe antecedents and consequences of envy in the work environment have been studied from different perspectives (Crusius, 2020; Ganegoda & Bordia, 2019; Puranik et al., 2019), but there are few empirical analyses of envy. There is no consensus about the conceptualization of envy and its antecedents and consequences, and the results of previous studies are often contradictory and scattered (Li et al., 2021). Previous studies focus on antecedents and consequences as subsets of workplace envy and lack a broad conceptual perspective. To address this gap, we use social comparison theory to identify the antecedents and consequences of employees' envy. Because envy is a product of upward social comparison (Smith, 2000), it occurs when people compare themselves upward with others who are better off (Li et al., 2021). Literature Review Social comparison as a basis for envyThe conceptual foundation of the envy model in the work environment is the social comparison theory or, more appropriately, social comparison theories (Gerber et al., 2018). Social comparison means "the process of thinking about (or comparing) information about one or more people who are related to the person" (Smith et al., 2017). Workplace envyEnvy is an unpleasant negative emotion that has received less attention. Envy occurs when a person lacks another superior quality, achievement, or possession and either wants or wishes the other person did not have it. In the management literature, envy is usually considered detrimental to organizational health, as the envious person often engages in counterproductive workplace behaviors, including social attrition, sabotage, abuse, taking pleasure in another's misery, and demeaning the person being envied. (Mohd. Shamsudin et al., 2022). MethodologyThe current research is applied in terms of its purpose Because the research findings can be used to solve the executive issues of Sapco. In terms of the data collection method, it is considered a part of descriptive research and a branch of survey studies. In order to determine the minimum sample size, the test-based method and G-Power version 3.1 software were used (Faul et al., 2009). The number of 158 questionnaires has been distributed among people through the stratified sampling method. ResultsThe results of hypothesis 1 show that the narcissism of Sapco employees has a positive and significant effect on their workplace envy. The results of hypothesis 2 show that the neuroticism of Sapco employees has a positive and significant effect on their workplace envy. The results of hypothesis 3 show that the self-esteem of Sapco employees negatively and significantly affects their workplace envy. The results of hypothesis 4 show that the perceived control of Sapco employees negatively and significantly affects their workplace envy. The results of hypothesis 5 show that the competition factor between Sapco employees positively and significantly affects their workplace envy. The results of hypothesis 6 show that the envy of Sapco employees in the workplace negatively and significantly affects their organizational citizenship behavior. The results of hypothesis 7 show that workplace envy of Sapco employees has a negative and significant effect on their organizational perceptions (identification, job enthusiasm, and satisfaction). The results of hypothesis 8 also show that workplace envy of Sapco employees has a positive and significant effect on their intention to leave their jobs. The results of hypothesis 9 show that workplace envy of Sapco employees has a positive and significant effect on their moral indifference. The results of hypothesis 10 show that workplace envy of Sapco employees has a positive and significant effect on their unproductive work behavior. DiscussionWhat is seen more than ever in organizations is the issues related to mental and psychological pressures and their proper management so that organizations can grow and develop quickly and show off their ability against all these changes and environmental developments. In the workplace, a key factor in determining whether a manager will be in a better position is improving the management of employee emotions. One of the important and debatable issues in the field of employees' emotions is the discussion of workplace envy. The model of workplace envy presented in this research follows the social comparison theory. When employees make upward social comparisons in their work situations, they will experience workplace envy. ConclusionDue to the imbalance in personality traits, narcissistic employees show various deviant behaviors that cause problems for themselves and colleagues. Neurotic employees react to physical and emotional situations and are vulnerable. Self-esteem significantly predicts workplace envy so social comparison may be based on self-evaluations of abilities and opinions. Perceived control refers to people making a positive adjustment in the environmental conditions they were influenced. Perceived control can be a factor that reduces dissatisfaction and incompatibility. Creating a competitive atmosphere for scarce resources and promotions in the organization (for example, if an employee gets an advantage and a promotion will not reach another employee) increases the competition between employees to obtain these scarce resources and ultimately makes employees envy each other—employees who are envious of what other employees have usually refrained from performing organizational citizenship behaviors. Workplace envy leads to more negative emotions and organizational perceptions (i.e., identification, job passion, and satisfaction) and increases the tendency to change jobs. Social desirability can reduce real or symbolic workplace envy, and workplace envy can facilitate moral indifference. Upward social comparison (and the resulting destructive envy) is destructive to the organization's and work group's effectiveness.
mehdi ebrahimi nejad Rafsanjani; Mozhgan Zarei
Abstract
Continuous organizational changes in today’s dynamic and changing environment requires the presence of insightful, strategic, or in more clear terms, transformational leaders. Given increasing attention paid to the function of leadership in creating organizational changes in the world and its role ...
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Continuous organizational changes in today’s dynamic and changing environment requires the presence of insightful, strategic, or in more clear terms, transformational leaders. Given increasing attention paid to the function of leadership in creating organizational changes in the world and its role in developing organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The present study attempted to explore the mutual relationship between transformational leadership and OCB with a focus on mediatory role of two variables of emotional trust and cognitive trust. This study is an applied research in terms of objectives it follows and a descriptive-survey research with regard the research methodology. The population under study included staff working in different branches of Mehr Eghtesad Bank in Shiraz. The sample size includes 150 respondents which were determined using Cochrane Formula. The data were collected through four questionnaires: Transformational Leadership Questionnaire, OCB Inventory, emotional Trust Questionnaire, and Cognitive Trust Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by LISREL Software. Findings show that there is no significant relationship between transformational leadership style and OCB among the respondents. However, adding emotional trust and cognitive trust to the model show that there is a positive relationship between transformational leadership style and these two variables. In addition, a positive significant correlation was also found between emotional and cognitive trust and OCB
saeed zarandi; ahmad sedaqatpisheh
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to draw a map of anti-corruption science. For this purpose, in the first step, the glossary of anti- corruption was determined to better understand this category .Then the ISI database and related sites were selected as the source of data extraction. In order to extract the ...
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The purpose of this study is to draw a map of anti-corruption science. For this purpose, in the first step, the glossary of anti- corruption was determined to better understand this category .Then the ISI database and related sites were selected as the source of data extraction. In order to extract the anti-corruption science map from "ISI", steps were taken in five steps: 1. designing the search field 2. Doing the search based on the designed search field 3. Analyzing the search results 4. Designing the sub-domain communication intensity matrix Subject matter 5. Using hierarchical clustering algorithm to draw a map of anti-corruption science. Findings show that the map of anti-corruption science map includes 26 main thematic areas, Which are divided into 10 more general categories, of which 5 are map areas and 5 are independent areas. Based on the main and sub-thematic areas obtained, using the UCINET software, a map of anti-corruption science was drawn.
kamran feyzi
Volume 10, Issue 37.38 , August 2003, , Pages 18-134
goel kohan
Volume 1, Issue 3 , June 1991, , Pages 30-38
Volume 3, Issue 12 , February 1994, , Pages 53-68
Mahsa Javdanmehr; Fariborz Rahimnia; Alireza Khorakian
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the mediating effect of knowledge absorptive capacity on the relationship between social capital-enhancing HR (egalitarian and collaboration) and innovation performance. The purpose of this study is applied and its method is a descriptive survey. The ...
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The purpose of the present study is to investigate the mediating effect of knowledge absorptive capacity on the relationship between social capital-enhancing HR (egalitarian and collaboration) and innovation performance. The purpose of this study is applied and its method is a descriptive survey. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is food companies in Toos industrial zone of Mashhad. From this statistical population, 102 companies were selected by simple random sampling. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and Smart PLS software were used to analyze the data and hypotheses of this study. The findings show that the implementation of egalitarian and collaboration policies has a direct and significant impact on organizational innovation performance and the organizational knowledge absorptive capacity plays a mediating role in the relationship between egalitarian and collaboration.
shamssadat zahedi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , September 1991, , Pages 57-67
gholamreza khaki
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 1991, , Pages 62-88
Reza Sepahvand; Zohre Mohamadyari
Abstract
The purpose of this study is investigating the role of managerial humor on positive organizational behavior of staff. The research method is descriptive and correlational. Statistical society of this research includes all managers and employees of Ilam Petrochemical Company that ther are 400 ...
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The purpose of this study is investigating the role of managerial humor on positive organizational behavior of staff. The research method is descriptive and correlational. Statistical society of this research includes all managers and employees of Ilam Petrochemical Company that ther are 400 individuals. By using Morgan table 196 persons were selected for the sample. The sampling method is simple random sampling. The results of research show that managerial humor has significant influence on positive organizational behavior of staff. Also, the dimensions of managerial humor (Pleasure from humor, laugh, verbal joke, humor in social relations and humor in stressful situation) have significant influence on positive organizational behavior of staff.
nader mazlumi
Volume 7, Issue 25.26 , March 2000, , Pages 65-82
Abstract
Survival of the firm, faced with crisis is considered to be of strategic concern for its st akh o lde rs , As such mature act.io ns taken to help organizations, avert crises or more effectively manage those ...
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Survival of the firm, faced with crisis is considered to be of strategic concern for its st akh o lde rs , As such mature act.io ns taken to help organizations, avert crises or more effectively manage those that do occure, is of strategic importance. This article reviews some of the most important theories and alternative views related to the concept of crisis and organizational crisis management. Lack of adequate integration among different research perspctivies is illustrated and a need to multidisiplinary approach to crisis management and its alignement with the strategic management framework of the firm is emphasised
naadre mazlumi
Volume 4, Issue 13.14 , August 1994, , Pages 65-82
Abstract
Survival of the firm, faced with crisis is considered to be of strategic concern for its stakeholders, As such mature actions taken to help organizations, avert crises or more effectively manage those that do occur, is of strategic importance.
This article reviews some of the most important theories ...
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Survival of the firm, faced with crisis is considered to be of strategic concern for its stakeholders, As such mature actions taken to help organizations, avert crises or more effectively manage those that do occur, is of strategic importance.
This article reviews some of the most important theories and alternative views related to the concept of crisis and organizational crisis management. Lack of adequate integration among different research perspectives is illustrated and a need to multidisciplinary approach to crisis management and its alignment with the strategic management framework of the firm is emphasized.
Ali Yasini; Ardeshir Shiri; Fariba Moradi Kia
Abstract
The present research is to provide an explaining model for employee inefficient behaviors based on Managers abusive supervision. This study is practical in terms of purpose and data collection method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consists managers and employees of Ilam ...
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The present research is to provide an explaining model for employee inefficient behaviors based on Managers abusive supervision. This study is practical in terms of purpose and data collection method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consists managers and employees of Ilam public organizations, about 5000 people among whom 360 individuals were selected randomly as a sample by using Krejcie and Morgan's table (1995). The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire of which their reliability is measured through Cronbach’s alpha as well as their validity by constructive validity. The data was processed using SPSS software and visual-pls in order to determine the validity of the hypotheses and the significance level of the relationships between the variables. The findings of this research show that the Managers abusive supervision has a significant effect on inefficient job behaviors. The findings of this study show that perceived Abusive supervision has a positive and meaningful effect on the two variables of neurotic behavior and emotional exhaustion of which its effect’s coefficient on neurotic behavior(β = 0.55) is more than emotional exhaustion(β = 0.35). Also there is a negative and inverse influence on perceived Abusive supervision of employees' Prosocial reaction (β =-0.390). Neurotic behavior has a positive and significant effect on the two variables of organizational obstruction and ineffective Counterproductive work behavior of which its effect’s coefficient on organizational obstruction(β = 517) is more than inefficient Counterproductive work behavior(β = 0.367). The effect of neurotic behavior on Prosocial reaction(β = 0.077) has been statistically excluded and has no significant effect. Findings show that emotional exhaustion has a positive and significant effect on organizational obstruction as well as the inefficient Counterproductive work behavior variables, which has a significant effect on organizational obstruction(β = 0.398) than ineffective occupation behaviors(β = 0.221). The emotional exhaustion has a negative and inverse effect on Prosocial reaction(β= -0.285). Organizational obstruction has a positive and significant effect on inefficient job behaviors (β= 0.214). Also Prosocial reaction has a negative and significant effect on organizational obstruction(β = -0.653).
MOHAMMADSADEGH HASHEMI; Amin Moeinian; Mehdi Ebrahimi
Abstract
CEO-board power relation is a controversial topic in theory and practice. Our research question is, how does the dominance of each party affect the board’s involvement in the strategy-making process? This study aims to provide a contingency understanding of the subject by using a multi-theoretic ...
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CEO-board power relation is a controversial topic in theory and practice. Our research question is, how does the dominance of each party affect the board’s involvement in the strategy-making process? This study aims to provide a contingency understanding of the subject by using a multi-theoretic approach. In this way, it goes beyond examining the mere structural factors influencing formal power. This study opens the black box of CEO-board interactions from a behavioral standpoint. For a multiple-case-study in six banks, the authors conducted 49 semi-structured interviews. Within and cross-case analyses based on systematic coding led to 15 propositions and conceptual model development. First, researchers observed that at least in the Iranian context, contrary to agency theory, the detrimental effects of board dominance are more significant than the CEO dominance. However, instead of giving linear prescriptions, this study concludes by considering the complex nature of power relations and the necessity of multilevel analysis to understand each power structure’s preference in different situations. At three levels of analysis, including the group, individual, and organizational levels, concepts such as “group strategic thinking,” “cohesiveness,” “sense of belonging,” “tendency to political behaviors,” “managerial stability,” “strategic execution,” and ultimately “strategic change” as the desired output of strategic involvement were explored. Authors have explained the relationships between these concepts using multiple theories. Moreover, a more in-depth understanding of power dynamics at the upper echelons is obtained by identifying the moderating roles of “trust” and “personality.”
aram taati
Volume 2, Issue 8 , March 1993, , Pages 67-82
yahya hassas yegane; seyed mohammad hoseini beheshtian
Volume 9, Issue 35.36 , March 2002, , Pages 67-91
mohammadreza rabie mandejin
Volume 5, Issue 19 , December 1995, , Pages 69-88
nezamodin faghih; alihosein keshavarzi
Volume 6, Issue 21.22 , September 1999, , Pages 72-97
Abstract
This paper undertakes some statistical studies of the workplace accidents in the Iranian Edible Vegetable Oil Industries (as a class of strategic important industries), by employing methods widely applied in the studies of this nature. In the analysis, such factors and variables as age, gender, marital ...
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This paper undertakes some statistical studies of the workplace accidents in the Iranian Edible Vegetable Oil Industries (as a class of strategic important industries), by employing methods widely applied in the studies of this nature. In the analysis, such factors and variables as age, gender, marital status of this victims, time and place of accidents, causes there of, training of safety principles or the lack of it, rehabilitation period, and correlation between the involved variables are considered and, thus, recommendations are made towards the more prevention of the workplace accidents in the Iranian Edible Vegetable Oil Industries.
hoseyn vaziri
Volume 2, Issue 7 , December 1992, , Pages 73-94
gholamreza kazemian; vajh -o- llah ghorbani zadeh; seyed hamed rastegar
Volume 20, Issue 60 , April 2009, , Pages 73-88
Abstract
Good governance as a well known method in the public administration needs to transparency and responsibility. The right of citizens' accessibility of the information support transparency. Many of developing countries pay attention to this concept. This article adapted from the research that examines ...
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Good governance as a well known method in the public administration needs to transparency and responsibility. The right of citizens' accessibility of the information support transparency. Many of developing countries pay attention to this concept. This article adapted from the research that examines urban manager's attitudes about transparency and citizen rights. Research data gathered by interview and analyzed by content analyses method. Inquiries in the interviews are about the six factors affect on the inaccessibility of the information. Results show that from Mashhad's urban manager's viewpoint, citizens need to information but don't take enough action for accessing them because cost and any administrative difficulty. Mashhad's urban managers couldn't execute their informative duties along with citizens and lack of the legal mechanisms about information accessing by citizens was obvious.
Seyyed Ali Akbar Afjahi; Zahra Alizadeh far
Abstract
Employer brand is an image of organization as ‘the great place to work’ and aims to have positive impact on current and future employees in order to attract and retain employees with high potential. If employee has a positive attitude towards organization and employers, they will be attracted ...
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Employer brand is an image of organization as ‘the great place to work’ and aims to have positive impact on current and future employees in order to attract and retain employees with high potential. If employee has a positive attitude towards organization and employers, they will be attracted to the organization and remained there. Therefore, this thesis examines the relationship between the perception of employer brand and job attitude. The purpose of this thesis, according to collected information and data analysis is descriptive – correlation. The Statistics population is 400 headquarters experts of the Export Development Bank of Iran. Empirical data has been selected from 112 people as a sample. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha and completed by these people. Data analysis was performed through structural equation modelling and software, the results have showed that the model is a good fit and all hypotheses have been confirmed. As a result, we can say that the perception of the employer brand has a positive and significant relation with job attitudes
shams o sadat vaezee
Volume 3, Issue 11.10 , December 1993, , Pages 75-95
abbas mohammad zadeh
Volume 5, Issue 20 , February 1996, , Pages 75-92
Abstract
The leader with a functional perspective uses structures within the larger organization to get people to accomplish important tasks and commit themselves to organizational goals. In this article some examples have been discussed to demonstrate some of the ways in which managers can use the functional ...
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The leader with a functional perspective uses structures within the larger organization to get people to accomplish important tasks and commit themselves to organizational goals. In this article some examples have been discussed to demonstrate some of the ways in which managers can use the functional perspective to increase the performance and commitment of employees. If the manager views leader behavior as one of several structures capable of fulfilling task and maintenance functions, then he has a range of alternatives to choose from in maintaining effective employee performance and commitment. If performance is poor, is it because of too little or too much direction? if commitment is weak, is it because of too little support or because of a combination of too much support and too little direction? Once these and similar questions have been answered, the manager can begin to search for available, practical structures for remedying the inadequacies in any work situation. Some of the actions have been recommended are not generally thought of as part of leader behavior, nevertheless, they increase the likelihood that employees will perform well and commit themselves to the goals of the work group and, certainly, the manager who take steps to produce effective employee behavior is an effective leader.
Mahmoud Jafarpoor
Abstract
Groupwork” is a series of conscious, united and coordinated efforts of a team in order to achieve a common goal or goals and also synergy is its subsequent; the subject that always has been a social concern and a key issue in the country’s organizations. Hence, the main purpose of the present ...
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Groupwork” is a series of conscious, united and coordinated efforts of a team in order to achieve a common goal or goals and also synergy is its subsequent; the subject that always has been a social concern and a key issue in the country’s organizations. Hence, the main purpose of the present study is pathology of teamwork in organizations that used the three-branched model including behavioral, structural and environmental pathos for categorizing the pathos. The present study is quantitative regarding to data type, exploratory regarding to objective and practical regarding to result. Statistical community of the research consisted of personnel of an NGO that works in teamwork frames and its activities are performed in groups. Sampling method was random cluster one; the sample size was 384 persons with confidence level of 99% and research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that pathos in the way of realization of teamwork consist of 48 indexes. Indexes of “lack of performance measuring system”, “lack of teamwork training”, “insufficient understanding of organization work environment”, “unresolved conflicts in group” and “not measurability of objectives” were recognized as the most important pathos and “lack of loyalty between group members and leader”, “formal and uncomfortable environment in group” and “lack of confidence between group members and leader” were recognized as the less important pathos. While there was no significant deference between the view of respondents to structural and environmental pathos with different ages, respondents under 30 years old emphasized on behavioral pathos of teamwork more than other respondents.
